World Down Syndrome Day is celebrated annually on March 21. This day raises awareness about Down Syndrome and highlights the unique experiences of individuals with the condition. To better understand Down Syndrome, it is essential to explore its genetic foundation and how it affects people differently. We did the research and put together this blog to help you learn more about Down Syndrome, its causes, and the incredible strengths and challenges faced by individuals with the condition.

What is Down Syndrome?

Down Syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Chromosomes are structures that carry genetic information, determining an organism’s traits. Typically, individuals inherit 46 chromosomes—23 from each parent. However, people with Down Syndrome have 47 chromosomes due to a unique occurrence involving the 21st chromosome pair. Source

There are three types of Down Syndrome, each characterized by distinct chromosomal variations:

• Trisomy 21 (95% of cases): Every cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two.
  • Hence, why March 21 (3/21) was designated as World Down Syndrome Day!
• Translocation Down Syndrome (3% of cases): An extra part or entire chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome.
• Mosaic Down Syndrome (2% of cases): Some cells have three copies of chromosome 21, while others have the typical two copies. Source

Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition, occurring in about 1 in 700 births worldwide. Although the likelihood of having a baby with Down Syndrome increases with maternal age, most children with Down Syndrome are born to mothers under 35 due to higher birth rates in this age group. Source

Development, Abilities, and Health Considerations

While Down Syndrome can be passed down through families, in most cases, the cause of the chromosomal error involving the 21st pair is unknown. The condition affects each individual differently, but it is typically associated with both mental and physical challenges. Individuals with Down Syndrome possess a wide range of abilities and talents, and it is not possible to predict their potential at birth. Most will experience mild to moderate intellectual disabilities; however, they can learn, achieve goals, and develop skills at their own pace. Source

People with Down Syndrome face an increased risk for various medical conditions, including:

• Congenital heart defects – affecting about 50% of cases
• Hearing and vision problems – affecting about half of all people with Down Syndrome, which can impact language and learning
• Thyroid disorders
• Gastrointestinal issues
• Seizures
• Respiratory challenges
• Increased susceptibility to infections and childhood leukemia

Early intervention services are crucial and can help manage these conditions and challenges. Source

Diagnosis and Education

Prenatal screening tests can indicate the likelihood of Down Syndrome, but can yield false negatives and false positives. More extensive diagnostic tests are required for a more definitive indication whether a baby has Down Syndrome or not (source). Once children with Down Syndrome reach the age of 3, they qualify for educational services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This ensures access to a free and appropriate education in an inclusive environment, along with individualized support programs within local schools. Source

Life Expectancy and Opportunities

The life expectancy for individuals with Down Syndrome has increased significantly, from 25 years in 1983 to approximately 60 years today. With proper support, many individuals transition into the workforce after graduating from high school, and many go on to complete post-secondary education (source). They are capable of forming meaningful relationships, voting, living independently, and actively participating in society. Source

Support and Resources in Indiana

For families and individuals in Indiana, various support groups and achievement centers provide essential resources and community connections. These organizations offer educational support, medical guidance, and social opportunities to ensure that individuals with Down Syndrome thrive. Source

World Down Syndrome Day is an opportunity to celebrate the strengths, achievements, and contributions of people with Down Syndrome. By promoting awareness and inclusivity, we can create a more supportive and accepting society for all.